Glossary Terms

A turning operation in which a groove is produced on the periphery or inside a hole of a workpiece. The grooving tool moves at right angles to the axis of rotation.

Reduction or removal of workhardening effects, without motion of large-angle grain boundaries.

1. Formation of a new, strain-free grain structure from that existing in cold-worked metal, usually accomplished by heating. 2. Change from one crystal structure to another, as occurs on heating or cooling through a critical temperature.

Approximate minimum temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold-worked metal occurs within a specified time.

Ability of a cutting tool material to withstand high temperatures at the point of cut without softening and degrading.

Optical instrument that measures the refractive index of a liquid, such as a water-diluted metalworking fluid mix. The refractive index can by used to determine the concentration of a fresh metalworking fluid mix.

Metal having an extremely high melting point; for example, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium (columbium), chromium, vanadium and rhenium. In the broad sense, this term refers to metals having melting points above the range of iron.

Space provided behind the cutting edges to prevent rubbing. Sometimes called primary relief. Secondary relief provides additional space behind primary relief. Relief on end teeth is axial relief; relief on side teeth is peripheral relief.

Stress present in a body that is free of external forces or thermal gradients.

Device capable of performing various combinations of movements, manipulations and actions. Normally computerized but may be electromechanical. Computerized units normally consist of three basic components: machinery or mechanical parts, controller/computer system and software. See industrial robot.

Discipline involving self-actuating and self-operating devices. Robots frequently imitate human capabilities, including the ability to manipulate physical objects while evaluating and reacting appropriately to various stimuli. See industrial robot; robot.

Number derived from the net increase in the depth of impression as the load on the indenter is increased from a fixed minor load to a major load and then returned to the minor load. The Rockwell hardness number is always quoted with a scale symbol representing the indenter, load and dial used.