On Oct. 21, 1948, the ninth meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) adopted the joule as a unit of energy, work, and heat. A joule is defined as the energy transferred when the force of one newton moves an object through a distance of one meter in the direction of the force.
Understanding the Joule
The mathematical expression for the joule is:
- J = N × m = (kg × m/s2) × m = kg × m2/s2
In terms of SI base units, it is expressed as m2 × kg × s-2. Another way to express the joule is N × m.
Origins of the Joule
James Prescott Joule (1818–1889), an English physicist, is the namesake of this unit. His groundbreaking experiments and measurements estimated the mechanical equivalent of heat, paving the way for modern energy calculations.
Conversion of Units
To better understand energy conversions between metric and U.S. customary systems, the following chart highlights key equivalences:
| 1 J = 0.73756 ft-lbf | 1 ft-lbf = 1.35582 J |
| 1 J = 0.23892 cal15 (15° C) | 1 cal15 = 4.1855 J |
This conversion table provides practical insights for engineers, scientists, and educators working across different systems of measurement.
Comparison with the Calorie
The calorie is a pre-SI metric unit of energy. For example, Cal15 is the amount of energy needed to warm 1 g of water from 14.5° C to 15.5° C at the standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mm of mercury.
Today, the joule has largely replaced the calorie in scientific contexts, further solidifying its role as a standard unit of energy.
Fig. 1: Understanding the Joule through history and science
What About the Watt?
On the same date in 1948, the CGPM also adopted the watt as a unit of power. Power measures the rate at which work is done or energy is expended.
- Mechanical Terms: A watt equals 1 joule per second.
- Electrical Terms: A watt equals the power produced by a current of one ampere flowing through an electric potential of one volt.
The mathematical expression for the watt is:
- W = J/s = (N × m)/s = [(kg × m/s2 × m)]/s = kg × m2/s3
In SI base units, this is expressed as m2 × kg × s-3.
The Coulomb and Electric Charge
The coulomb, also adopted in 1948, measures electric charge or the amount of electricity accumulated in one second by a current of one ampere. Its mathematical expression is:
- C = A × s
In SI base units, this is expressed as A × s.
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806), a French military engineer and physicist, is the namesake of this unit. He is renowned for Coulomb's law, which describes electrostatic forces of attraction and repulsion.
Why Are These Units Important?
Understanding units like the joule, watt, and coulomb is critical for fields ranging from physics and engineering to everyday applications like energy consumption and power generation.
Conclusion
The joule remains a cornerstone of modern science and engineering. Whether you're learning its history or applying it to practical problems, its significance cannot be overstated.
Author
Edmund Isakov, Ph.D., is a consultant, writer and frequent CTE contributor. He is the author of the books “Mechanical Properties of Work Materials” (Modern Machine Shop Publications, 2000); “Engineering Formulas for Metalcutting” (Industrial Press, 2004); “Cutting Data for Turning of Steel” (Industrial Press, 2009); the CD-ROM “International System of Units (SI)” (Industrial Press, 2012); and the software “Advanced Metalcutting Calculators” (Industrial Press, 2005). For more information, call (561) 369-4063 or visit www.edmundisakovphd.com.
Click to view all articles written by Edmund Isakov, PH.D.
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