Tools of the trade

Rough-and-ready grinding calculations and an opinionated Viking help quickly determine appropriate grinding parameters.

I spend lots of time on grinding machines sorting out problems and improving efficiency. While on the machines I’m asked lots of questions and my answer is always the same.

Question: “Is this dresser speed correct?” Answer: “I dunnknow.” “What coolant flow rate should I have?” “I dunnknow.” “Is this wheel speed good?” “I dunnknow.”

This answer doesn’t win me many admirers, but it’s an honest one. Why? Because just about any dresser speed, flow rate or wheel speed will work—as long as the other parameters are correct.

All images: J. Badger

The Grinding Viking gives valuable—if sometimes impolite—advice about your grinding parameters.

Why would just about any dresser speed work? Because a slow dresser speed is fine as long as the wheel rpm is slow, and a fast dresser speed is fine as long as the wheel rpm is fast. In other words, I’m not interested in dressing speeds; I’m interested in the dressing overlap ratio, or how many times a given point on the wheel hits the dressing diamond during the dress. A high overlap ratio dulls a wheel, whereas a small overlap ratio gives a sharp wheel.

Similarly, I’m not interested in coolant flow rates, but rather coolant velocity. The flow rate might be OK—or disastrous, depending on the size of the nozzles. And I’m not that interested in wheel speeds; I’m more interested in aggressiveness values and material-removal rates.

To determine these parameters requires some calculations. They’re usually simple, but breaking out the pen, paper and calculator and scribbling away with oily hands on the cluttered table next to the grinder gets messy.

Calculating flow rate on paper can be a scary proposition.

So, during the past few years I’ve developed The Grinder’s Toolbox, a rough-and-ready spreadsheet for quickly calculating grinding, dressing, sticking and cooling parameters: material-removal rates, aggressiveness values, dresser speed ratios, dresser overlap ratios, OD grinding overlap ratios, continuous-dress dressing DOCs, coolant velocities and pressures, and pump and nozzle sizes. Then I get on the machine, enter the parameters and know immediately if they’re in the ballpark.

For example, a few months ago I got a call from a company having major burn problems on one of their machines. The owner was in a panic because parts were coming out “toasty.” We methodically covered the checklist of grinding, cooling and dressing parameters. One-by-one, I plugged them into the spreadsheet to see if they were reasonable. They were, except for the dressing parameters.

The company was using a rotary plunge roll to form dress. The roll was 3 " in diameter and running at 300 rpm. The 350mm wheel was running at 70 m/sec. unidirectionally, plunging into the roll at 0.02 ipm and then dwelling 3 seconds.

The operator looked at me and asked whether the parameters were good. Of course, my answer was “I dunnknow. That’s a lot of numbers and a lot of different units.”

Then I pulled out The Grinder’s Toolbox and punched in the parameters. Sixty seconds later I had the three meaningful values: speed ratio, plunge depth and the number of dwell revolutions.

Table 1: Dressing

1. Or diameter and rpm, 2. Or velocity and diameter, 3. Or wheel width and time to traverse, 4. Or width of diamond-covered area, 5. Or stick length and time to stick, and 6. For Al₂O₃ and CBN wheels.

The speed ratio was +0.17. That will make a wheel quite dull. The plunge depth was 0.13μm per wheel revolution, also dulling the wheel. And the wheel was dwelling 191 revolutions—far too many, further dulling the wheel.

It was obvious the company was dulling its wheel in three different ways, causing atrocious burn. We set about fixing this.

However, we had to deal with machine restraints. The roll speed was fixed, so we played with wheel speeds and plunge speeds until we found a combination that provided a sharp wheel and a slow enough feed rate not to cause chatter.

Why did we need my spreadsheet? If we changed the wheel speed to give us a ratio we liked, we would have inadvertently changed the plunge depth and number of dwell revolutions. Entering all the possibilities into a calculator would have taken all day.

But with The Grinder’s Toolbox we quickly punched in numbers and saw the results. We ended up dropping the wheel speed during dressing to 20 m/sec., providing a speed ratio of +0.6, which gives a sharp wheel. We then increased the plunge speed to 0.04 ipm, which gives a dressing depth of 0.93μm per wheel revolution. That also provides a sharp wheel. Finally, we dropped dwell time to 2.0 seconds, giving us 36 wheel revolutions. The result was a sharp wheel that immediately eliminated the burn issue.

The Real Question

If these calculations are so easy, why aren’t CNC programmers entering these parameters into their grinding machines? I do not know! While many of these concepts are well known, OEMs are building expensive grinding machines but are not covering the basics such as telling the operator his dressing parameters are dulling the wheel, his coolant pressure is too low or that he risks generating chatter.

The most popular sheet in The Grinder’s Toolbox is the cooling section. There, you can input the coolant pressure, and the spreadsheet indicates immediately coolant exit velocity and whether you’re matching the wheel speed. Or you can enter pump size and desired coolant velocity, and the spreadsheet will tell you exactly what size the nozzle opening should be. I use it all the time to size nozzles and booster pumps and determine flow rates.

Table 2: Cooling

Table 3: Grinding

Table 4: Conversions and other calculations

For example, let’s say you’ve just bought a fancy, high-pressure, constant-flow, piston-driven coolant pump. The plate on the back of the pump indicates that the maximum coolant flow rate is 120 liters/min. The wheel is running at 6,000 sfm. You decide to make six equal-sized round nozzles and you want to know what diameter to make them so that you’re using all 120 liters/min. with a coolant velocity that matches wheel velocity. What should you do?

You can guess the diameter should be, say, 0.2 ", fire up the pump and see how things work. Maybe you’ll get it right the first time, but maybe not, in which case you’ll have to make the nozzles a different size.

An alternative is to do the calculation on paper for flow rate based on exit velocity and total orifice area, using the area of a circle, etc. (See equation on page 54.) That’s one scary-looking equation, and not something you’d probably be able to pull off at the machine with your production supervisor breathing down your neck, machines groaning, oil flying around and your cheap, solar-powered calculator cutting out on you.

A third option is to pull out your laptop and fire up The Grinder’s Toolbox. The inputs would be coolant velocity, flow rate and the number of nozzles. That’s it. Thirty seconds later you’d have your answer: a 0.147 "-dia. nozzle.

The Grinding Viking

Remembering recommended ranges and ratios can be tough. In diamond-roll plunge dressing, a depth of 0.1μm per wheel revolution gives a dull wheel, but a depth of 1.0μm per revolution gives a sharp one. In single-point dressing, a dressing lead of 0.2 mm/wheel revolution gives a sharp wheel, but if you’re using a diamond cluster it’ll dull the wheel. In OD traverse grinding, an overlap ratio of 3 is effective for roughing, and a value of 8 is good for finishing.

Remembering all these values is tough. So I also developed The Grinding Viking. He tells if you are within the recommend ranges or making a mistake.

However, The Grinding Viking is not for the thin-skinned. He’s opinionated and sometimes a little rude. But he’s seldom wrong.

Calculations in The Grinder’s Toolbox for plunge surface grinding. The primary outputs are aggressiveness and material-removal rate.

To Buy or Build

I developed my first Grinder’s Toolbox many years ago. Over time I enhanced it, polishing it off and adding different grinding operations. It is for sale on my Web site.

However, if you know the basic calculations and are Excel-savvy, you can build your own spreadsheet for doing calculations. I’ve met a number of grinding engineers and wheel salespeople who have done just that. Also, several grinding wheel manufacturers have developed their own programs. But it does take time, and debugging can be maddening.

Either way, using predetermined parameters for troubleshooting can take a lot of the guesswork out of improving your grinding operations. CTE

About the Author: Dr. Jeffrey Badger is an independent grinding consultant. His Web site is www.TheGrindingDoc.com.