Dear Doc: I grind 200mm-long hardened steel with a resin-bond 300mm-dia. CBN wheel using the parameters in Table 1. After dressing, the imparted surface finish is good but the grinding power is high. After grinding about 10 pieces, the surface finish deteriorates but the power is lower. After about 20 pieces, the surface finish is rough and I have to redress.
I adjust the speeds and feeds to find a material-removal rate that’ll extend the time between dresses while maintaining a reasonable cycle time. But there doesn’t seem to be any rhyme or reason to it. Why?
The Doc Replies: The phenomenon you describe is of a wheel “opening up” during grinding. This is normal when grinding hardened steel with a resin-bond CBN wheel, providing better cutting but a rougher surface finish.
However, you can control how fast the wheel opens up. Pushing the wheel hard opens it up quickly, whereas grinding timidly opens it up slowly.
Most people think that pushing the wheel hard or not depends only on the mrr. This is absolutely not true. You can grind at a high mrr and have a wheel open up slowly, such as when creep-feed grinding at high wheel speeds. Conversely, you can grind at a low mrr and chew up a wheel quickly, such as when shallow-cut grinding at a high table speed and a low wheel speed.
So let’s forget about mrr. Sure, it’s useful for seeing how much material you’re removing and how much heat you’re generating. But in terms of how quickly a wheel opens up, let’s think in terms of the aggressiveness number. The equation is:
When looking at your parameters, I see you’re grinding at a lower and lower mrr each pass, presumably to reduce the risk of grinding burn. That’s good! I’ve added one more column for the aggressiveness number. The aggressiveness values are consistently in the 20s except for one whopper at 51.1 in pass No. 4, which is the pass that’s chewing up your wheel and shortening the time between dresses, even though the mrr is not high and the DOC is not large.
Table 1: Standard parameters.
| Pass | DOC (mm) | Feed rate (mm/min.) | Wheel speed (m/sec.) | MRR (mm2/sec.) | Time(sec.) | Aggressiveness number |
|
1 |
3 |
750 |
60 |
37.5 |
16 |
20.9 |
|
2 |
2 |
1,000 |
60 |
33.3 |
12 |
22.7 |
|
3 |
1 |
1,500 |
50 |
25.0 |
8 |
28.9 |
|
4 |
0.125 |
6,000 |
40 |
12.5 |
2 |
51.1 |
|
5 |
0.025 |
6,000 |
35 |
2.5 |
2 |
26.1 |
|
Total |
6.15 |
40 |
Table 2: Modified parameters (changes in bold).
| Pass | DOC (mm) | Feed rate (mm/min.) | Wheel speed (m/sec.) | MRR (mm2/sec.) | Time (sec.) | Aggressiveness number |
|
1 |
3 |
750 |
60 |
37.5 |
16 |
20.9 |
|
2 |
2 |
1,000 |
6 |
33.3 |
12 |
22.7 |
|
3 |
1.1 |
1,500 |
60 |
27.5 |
8 |
25.3 |
|
4 |
0.025 |
6,000 |
35 |
2.5 |
2 |
26.1 |
|
5 |
0.025 |
6,000 |
35 |
2.5 |
2 |
26.1 |
|
Total |
6.15 |
40 |
Let’s redesign this grinding cycle. It appears that an aggressiveness number of around 25 is good for this wheel. Let’s also keep the maximum mrr below 38 and decrease the mrr with each pass. With a little rearranging, I created modified parameters (Table 2).
The modified mrr is similar for each pass and grinding time is exactly the same, but now the maximum aggressiveness number is 26.1. I guarantee that will allow you to grind a lot more parts between dresses. CTE
About the Author: Dr. Jeffrey Badger is an independent grinding consultant. His Web site is www.TheGrindingDoc.com. The Doc’s next “High Intensity Grinding Course” will be held May 18-20 in Switzerland.
Related Glossary Terms
- creep-feed grinding
creep-feed grinding
Grinding operation in which the grinding wheel is slowly fed into the workpiece at sufficient depth of cut to accomplish in one pass what otherwise would require repeated passes. See grinding.
- cubic boron nitride ( CBN)
cubic boron nitride ( CBN)
Crystal manufactured from boron nitride under high pressure and temperature. Used to cut hard-to-machine ferrous and nickel-base materials up to 70 HRC. Second hardest material after diamond. See superabrasive tools.
- dressing
dressing
Removal of undesirable materials from “loaded” grinding wheels using a single- or multi-point diamond or other tool. The process also exposes unused, sharp abrasive points. See loading; truing.
- feed
feed
Rate of change of position of the tool as a whole, relative to the workpiece while cutting.
- grinding
grinding
Machining operation in which material is removed from the workpiece by a powered abrasive wheel, stone, belt, paste, sheet, compound, slurry, etc. Takes various forms: surface grinding (creates flat and/or squared surfaces); cylindrical grinding (for external cylindrical and tapered shapes, fillets, undercuts, etc.); centerless grinding; chamfering; thread and form grinding; tool and cutter grinding; offhand grinding; lapping and polishing (grinding with extremely fine grits to create ultrasmooth surfaces); honing; and disc grinding.
- web
web
On a rotating tool, the portion of the tool body that joins the lands. Web is thicker at the shank end, relative to the point end, providing maximum torsional strength.
Author
Jeffrey A. Badger, Ph.D., is an independent grinding expert. He will be giving his 3-day High Intensity Grinding Course from Sept. 26-28 in Columbia, S.C., hosted by S.L. Munson. Visit www.thegrindingdoc.com for details. He can be reached by phone at 512-934-1857 or via email at JB@TheGrindingDoc.com.
