Process monitoring of milling and turning operations is critical to optimizing part quality and costs. Of the process parameters that cutting tool monitoring methods focus on, such as cutting forces, temperature and tool wear, the latter is generally the most relevant because it has a direct impact on final part quality, machine tool performance and tool life, according to researchers at the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering of RWTH Aachen University. Of the various types of insert wear, flank wear is the most referenced tool wear parameter in the monitoring process because it enables estimation of tool life and control of the production process, the researchers noted.
In the university’s “Machine Vision System for Inspecting Flank Wear on Cutting Tools” paper, published in the ACEEE International Journal on Control System and Instrumentation, authors Robert Schmitt, Yu Cai and Alberto Pavim describe their prototype automated machine vision system that measures tool wear.
The machine vision prototype for inspecting flank wear on cutting tools.
The system, which measures flank wear next to the production line, consists of three hardware modules: a flexible illumination unit, a camera/optic system and a mechanical system. The illumination unit has three types of lights to provide optimal wear detection and measurement: top light, half-ring light and side lights. The camera is a monochrome CCD (charge-coupled device) camera with an effective sensor size of 752×582 pixels.
The mechanical system has three motorized axes. The Z-axis positions the camera based on tool height, the X-axis drives the cutting tool head into focus based on tool diameter, and the C-axis rotates the tool to position all inserts into focus.
To automate flank wear measurement, the researchers built the system with an image processing chain. The basic image processing tasks are image acquisition, tool-edge detection, wear region highlighting, feature extraction, wear-type classification and wear measurement.
A comparison of test results for measuring the flank wear value (VB) achieved by a microscope and the prototype machine vision system.
Researchers used five worn inserts to evaluate the system and took 10 test images for each insert. They then compared the system’s flank wear measurements to manual measurements performed by tool specialists using a microscope. They found the deviation between the automated and manual measurements in flank wear ranged from 0.001mm to 0.027mm, which their analysis indicated was caused by dirt on the inserts in the prototype, and determined the repeatability of automated tool wear measurement was an acceptable 7.5µm.
For more information about RWTH Aachen (Germany) University’s Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering, visit www.wzl.rwth-aachen.de. For a copy of the paper, visit hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/16/33/PDF/13.pdf. CTE
About the Author: Alan Richter is editor of CTE. He joined the publication in 2000. Contact him at (847) 714-0175 or alanr@jwr.com.
Related Glossary Terms
- flank wear
flank wear
Reduction in clearance on the tool’s flank caused by contact with the workpiece. Ultimately causes tool failure.
- gang cutting ( milling)
gang cutting ( milling)
Machining with several cutters mounted on a single arbor, generally for simultaneous cutting.
- inches per tooth ( ipt)
inches per tooth ( ipt)
Linear distance traveled by the cutter during the engagement of one tooth. Although the milling cutter is a multi-edge tool, it is the capacity of each individual cutting edge that sets the limit of the tool, defined as: ipt = ipm/number of effective teeth 5 rpm or ipt = ipr/number of effective teeth. Sometimes referred to as the chip load.
- milling
milling
Machining operation in which metal or other material is removed by applying power to a rotating cutter. In vertical milling, the cutting tool is mounted vertically on the spindle. In horizontal milling, the cutting tool is mounted horizontally, either directly on the spindle or on an arbor. Horizontal milling is further broken down into conventional milling, where the cutter rotates opposite the direction of feed, or “up” into the workpiece; and climb milling, where the cutter rotates in the direction of feed, or “down” into the workpiece. Milling operations include plane or surface milling, endmilling, facemilling, angle milling, form milling and profiling.
- turning
turning
Workpiece is held in a chuck, mounted on a face plate or secured between centers and rotated while a cutting tool, normally a single-point tool, is fed into it along its periphery or across its end or face. Takes the form of straight turning (cutting along the periphery of the workpiece); taper turning (creating a taper); step turning (turning different-size diameters on the same work); chamfering (beveling an edge or shoulder); facing (cutting on an end); turning threads (usually external but can be internal); roughing (high-volume metal removal); and finishing (final light cuts). Performed on lathes, turning centers, chucking machines, automatic screw machines and similar machines.
- vision system
vision system
System in which information is extracted from visual sensors to allow machines to react to changes in the manufacturing process.
Author
Alan holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Including his 20 years at CTE, Alan has more than 30 years of trade journalism experience.
